Psychology PYQ 2007- 2023 paper 1

Psychology PYQ 2007- 2023

Paper 1

1. Introduction and Biological Bases of Behavior

Introduction, Definitions, and Methods

• Define Psychology. Discuss the Experimental and Survey Methods as used in the discipline of Psychology. Discuss the application of Psychology in the field of work and education. (2022, Q1)
• Trace the path of emergence of definition of “Psychology”. Narrate briefly the methods of “Psychology”. (2015, Q1)
• Distinguish between Experimental method and Observational Method in psychological research with their relative merits and demerits. (2011, Q1)
• Briefly discuss different Schools of Psychology with respect to their viewpoints. (2010, Q1)
• psychology is the science of human behaviour and cognitive processes. Elucidate the statement. What are the criteria for conducting a true experiment? (2009, Q1)
• Critically discuss any one method of Psychology. Delineate its importance in studying human behaviour. (2008, Q1)
• Write the scope of Psychology in society and academic world (2023, Q1a)
• Short note: Recent trend in contemporary Psychology. (2010, Q7a)
• Short note: Evolutionary perspective. (2010, Q7b)
• Short note: Experimental methods of Psychology. (2010, Q7c)
• Short note: Model of Man. (2011, Q8d)

Biological Bases, Brain, and Neurons

• Discuss the biological basis of behaviour. Also mention the role of specious typical behaviour in the context. (2016, Q1)
• Describe the structure and function of neurons with … Mention names of different types of neurons in human body. What a ‘synapse’ (2015, Q6)
• Describe the structure and function of Spinal Cord with suitable diagrams. (2014, Q7)
• Describe with a suitable diagram, the structure and functions of a neuron. (2013, Q1)
• Describe the structure and functions of the brain with suitable diagram. (2012, Q1)
• Discuss with diagram the functions of Brain (2023, Q1b)

2. Sensation, Perception, and Attention

Sensation and Psychophysics

• What is sensation Discuss the attributes of sensation. How can sensation be measured Elucidate with the help of suitable mathematical relations and research evidences. (2016, Q10)
• What are the attributes of sensation? Can human beings experience pure sensation ? (2014, Q12)
• What is sensation ? Validate: “Psychophysics deals with relationship between stimulation of senseorgans and corresponding psychological experience”. In this context discuss what do you know about: a) Fechner’s law, b) Weber’s law and c) Weber ratio along with mathematical formulae and appropriate diagrams. (2018, Q3)
• Define Psychophysics. Evaluate Weber-Fechner Law to discuss threshold. (2017, Q1)
• Define Psychophysics. Critically discuss the Weber-Fechner Law. (2014, Q1)
• Define sensation. Mention its attributes. How can sensation be measured? (2021, Q5)
• Differentiate between sensation and perception, giving suitable example. (2019, Q1a)
• Short note: Weber-Fechner Law (2023, Q6a)

Perception and Depth

• What is perception? What are the different types of perception? (2020, Q1)
• What is perception? Explain perception from the perspective of different schools of Psychology. (2008, Q2)
• Define Perception. Mention the monocular and binocular cues of Visual Space Perception. (2014, Q6)
• What is depth perception? Discuss in this context, the monocular and binocular cues of depth perception. (2019, Q1b)
• Discuss different cues of depth perception. (2007, Q3)
• Briefly discuss Movement, Space, Depth and Time perception. (2023, Q2a)
• Critically discuss with suitable example the nature of perception of Death [Depth], Movement, Space (2017, Q6)
• What is meant by time perception ? Discuss the major theoretical perspectives to explain temporal perception. Why is filled time over estimated than unfilled time ? (2016, Q2)
• ‘Perception of time is ubiquitous.’ Justify. (2021, Q10)
• Short note: Depth perception. (2009, Q8b)

Perceptual Organization

• What do you mean by Perceptual organization? Critically evaluate Gestalt view of perception. (2023, Q2b; 2020, Q1)
• Enumerate with suitable examples the laws of perceptual organization. (2019, Q1c)
• Critically discuss the Gestalt view of perception with special reference to the laws of Organization. (2013, Q2)
• What is perceptual organisation ? Discuss some of the important principles of perceptual organisation. (2010, Q3)

Attention

• Discuss the determinants of Attention. Differentiate between Fluctuation of Attention and Selectivity of Attention. How Attention differs from Perception? Discuss the monocular cues of Depth Perception. (2022, Q2)
• Define attention. Narrate the determinants of attention. What is meant by “Fluctuation of Attention” ? Is it natural ? Coment. Why does it occur? (2018, Q1)
• Define attention. What are the characteristics of attention? State why attention fluctuates. (2015, Q2)
• Define attention. Discuss the objective and subjective determinants of attention with suitable examples. (2012, Q2)
• Why is attention selective in nature? Explain with the help of suitable theoretical perspectives. Also discuss the different determinants of attention with suitable examples. (2021, Q1)

3. Learning

Learning Concepts and Behaviorism

• What is Learning? What are the factors or conditions necessary for learning to take place ? (2014, Q5)
• Define learning. Explain what is a learning curve ? Discuss the theory of Classical Conditioning in learning. (2015, Q3)
• Discuss ‘Learning’ according to Behaviouristic School of Psychology. How it differs from Gestalt school of learning ? (2011, Q2)
• Define learning. Critically discuss the Hullian concept of learning. (2008, Q3)
• Define learning. How is it related to memory? (2019, Q5b)

Conditioning and Reinforcement

• Define learning. In what way learning by operant conditioning differs from learning by classical conditioning? Compare the underlying psychological processes of these two kinds of learning. (2018, Q2)
• Describe the theory of operant conditioning with special emphasis on laboratory experiments. (2012, Q3)
• “Operant conditioning is more useful than classical conditioning for guiding or training adult human beings” Do you agree? Please justify your answer with examples. (2013, Q8)
• Explain some important phenomenon of classical conditioning of learning. How it implicates in our day to day life ? (2010, Q8)
• What are the different types of Reinforcers ? Elaborate the different schedules of Reinforcement. (2014, Q10)
• How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning? (2021, Q2)
• Short note: Classical conditioning (2023, Q6b)
• Short note: Operant conditioning. (2007, Q6a)
• Short note: Schedules of reinforcement. (2009, Q8d)

Trial and Error vs. Insight

• Discuss the relative importance of “trial and error theory and insight” theory in human learning implication (2015, Q10)
• Critically discuss Gestalt school of learning. (2007, Q2)
• What is trial and error learning? Explain the factors behind trial and error learning. State the laws of learning as proposed by Thorndike. How is trial and error learning different from insightful learning? (2020, Q2)
• Discuss with experimental evidences the theories of Trial and Error learning and Insight learning. Comment on their relative applications in different spheres of life. (2019, Q4)
• Critically discuss Trial and error theory. (2021, Q2a)
• Critically discuss Theory of Insight learning. (2021, Q2b)

Other Types of Learning

• What is the modern concept of learning? Compare the role of Insight learning and programme learning in educational planning of eighth grade school students. (2017, Q8)
• Short note: Programmed Learning (2023, Q9a; 2019, Q5d)
• Short note: Observational learning. (2009, Q8a)

4. Memory and Forgetting

Memory Models and Processes

• Discuss the Atkinson-Shiffrin’s Model of Memory. Differentiate between STM and LTM, Echoic and Iconic Memory. Illustrate on Procedural Memory. (2022, Q3)
• Explain the words “memory” and “memory traces”? How messages from internal and external environment are stored and how their retrieval occurs ? (2018, Q4)
• Elaborate different types of memory. What do you mean by ‘memory trace’? (2017, Q2)
• What do you understand by ‘consolidation of memory’ ? Mention the different types of memory with special reference to theoretical models. Also discuss the stages of memory. (2016, Q3)
• Define retention. Explain the principal methods of measuring retention. (2010, Q2)
• Describe the organization of Long-Term Memory. How can we retrieve information from LTM ? (2012, Q4)
• Explain the two most influencial views of memory. Can the two terms, short term memory and working memory be used interchangeably? (2009, Q2)
• What are different stages of memory. Explain the phenomenon of memory with suitable model in Psychology. (2008, Q6)
• What is memory? Classify memory into different types and explain in details with examples. (2020, Q3; 2019, Q5a)
• Suggest some strategies to enhance memory. (2020, Q3)
• Short note: Types of memory (2023, Q6e)
• Short note: Working Memory. (2011, Q8b)
• Short note: Encoding process. (2007, Q6b)
• Short note: Long-term and short-term memory. (2007, Q6c)

Forgetting

• What is meant by the words “memory trace ? Discuss the theories of forgetting. (2015, Q7)
• Delineate the theories of forgetting. (2018, Q4)
• Describe with a schematic diagram, the Curve of Forgetting. Critically discuss the interference theory of forgetting, the theory of motivated forgetting. (2013, Q3)
• What is forgetfulness and what are its causes? Explain Ebbinghaus’s curve of forgetting. (2010, Q6)
• What is meant by forgetting curve? How does forgetting take place in accordance with different theoretical notions? (2021, Q6)
• What is forgetting? Explain the curve of forgetting with diagram. (2019, Q5c)
• Short note: Theories of forgetting (2023, Q9d)

5. Cognition, Thinking, and Problem Solving

Cognition and Language

• What is cognition? Discuss the theory of “Information processing” to explain cognition. (2011, Q6)
• Write an essay on the relationship between language and thought. (2007, Q4)

Thinking

• Describe the stages of thinking. In this connection, write the main facets of problem solving. (2011, Q3)
• Elucidate the behaviouristic viewpoint of thinking. Do you accept this theory? State reasons for your answer. (2008, Q9)
• What are the basic elements of thinking? (2023, Q4b)
• Short note: Mediational theory of concept formation. (2008, Q7a)
• Short note: Imageless thought. (2008, Q7c)

Problem Solving

• Identify the factors that interfere with effective problem solving. Explain the terms Heuristics and Algorithms. (2009, Q9)
• What is problem solving? What are the methods used to solve problems? Discuss the barriers to problem solving. (2020, Q6a)
• Is problem solving always straight forward? Discuss the process by which we come up with new ideas and solutions. (2020, Q6b)

6. Intelligence and Creativity

Concepts of Intelligence and Testing

• Define Intelligence. Discuss Spiritual and Artificial Intelligence… (2022, Q4)
• ‘Emotional Intelligence is as important as General Intelligence’- Justify. (2022, Q7)
• What is meant by intelligence ? Write what do you know about the different categories of intelligence. (2018, Q5a, b)
• Explain the concept of IQ and how it is measured by Stanford-Binet test of intelligence. (2018, Q5c)
• What do you understand by intelligence ? What are the different types of intelligence, with special reference to theoretical perspectives What is meant by EQ ? (2016, Q5)
• What do you mean by Emotional Intelligence. (2014, Q2)
• Write the concept of I.Q. Write the classification and deviation of I.Q. (2023, Q3b)
• What do you understand by IQ and DIQ? (2019, Q2a)

Theories of Intelligence

• Discuss Gardner’s Theory of Intelligence. (2022, Q4)
• Is intelligence a unitary or a multifaceted concept Critically discuss the various theories of intelligence to support your answer. (2009, Q3)
• What is intelligence ? Explain the structure and nature of intelligence in the context of some classical approaches. (2010, Q4)
• Discuss Spearman’s two factor theory of Intelligence. (2014, Q2)
• Discuss with the help of a schematic diagram Guilford’s structure of intellect model. (2013, Q4)
• Discuss Gardner’s theory of intelligence. Discuss how it differs from Spearman’s Two Factor and Thurstone’s Multifactor Theories of Intelligence. (2011, Q10)
• Explain with diagram Guildford’s model for the structure of intellect. How would you explain creativity in the light of this model. (2008, Q8)
• What is Intelligence? Critically discuss Spearman’s Two-Factor theory. How it differs from Thurstone theory? (2023, Q3a)
• Critically discuss the SOI model of intelligence. Mention the applications of the model. (2021, Q3)
• How does [SOI model] differ from Gardner’s viewpoint? (2021, Q3)
• Discuss with suitable illustration the basic tenets of Guilford’s theory of structure of intellect. (2019, Q2b)
• Discuss the theory of multiple intelligence citing suitable examples. How is it different from earlier theories of intelligence? State the application of the theory of multiple intelligence. (2020, Q5)
• Critically discuss Gardner’s theory of Multiple intelligence. (2019, Q2c)
• Short note: Multiple Intelligence (2023, Q6c)
• Short note: Structure of Intellect. (2011, Q8c; 2007, Q6d)

Extremes of Intelligence and AI

• Are computers intelligent? Justify your answer by explaining the concept of artificial intelligence. Highlight the role of computers in modern day psychology. (2009, Q6)
• Who are gifted children Mention special intervention strategies for imparting education for such children. (2016, Q6)
• A 10 year old child with IQ of 140 poorly in examination. What could be the possible reasons of it DISCUSS with reference to the cognitive, emotional and social characteristics of the gifted children, and suggest remedial. (2013, Q10)
• In this context briefly describe mentally challenged children. (2018, Q5c)
• What do you mean by mentally challenged person? Write the types of disability according to PWD Act. Discuss some techniques of intervention to manage challenged behavior of a person with moderate intellectual disability (2017, Q10)
• Who are the mentally challanged children ? Delineate its causes. (2012, Q6)
• Short note: Artificial intelligence. (2011, Q8a)

Creativity

• What do you mean by creative thinking? Discuss the nature and stages of creative thinking (2017, Q4)
• What do you mean by Creative thinking? Elaborate the stages of creative thinking. (2014, Q8)
• Define creativity. Describe its nature. What are the stages of creativity? (2012, Q7)
• Discuss different stages of creative thinking. Suggest the important strategies that can improve creativity. (2010, Q9)
• What is creativity? Delineate with examples, the major characteristics or skills associated with creativity. (2019, Q3b)
• Write the characteristics of Creative Thinking. (2023, Q4b)
• Short note: Stages of creative thinking. (2009, Q8c)

7. Motivation and Emotion

Motivation Concepts

• Write what is meant by motivational cycle. Distinguish primary, secondary and the social motives. (2015, Q11)
• Explain the physiological and psychological processes and mechanism of motivation which motivates human behaviour. (2010, Q5)
• Distinguish between Primary Motive & Secondary Motive. Discuss Drive Reduction theory of motivation. (2007, Q5)
• Discuss the biological and social motivation with suitable examples. (2012, Q10)
• What is motivation ? Distinguish between ‘Incentive Hypothesis’ and Humanistic Hypothesis of motivation. (2011, Q9)
• What is motivation? Discuss, with suitable examples, the relation between emotion, motivation and behaviour. (2019, Q6b)
• Short note: Effect of motivation on behavior (2023, Q6d)

Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Achievement Motivation

• Distinguish between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. Which is Psychologically more significant in work life? Justify. (2022, Q5)
• What is motivation? Distinguish between ‘intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. (2018, Q7)
• What are the various social motives present in human beings Discuss the theory of motivation that is related to the desire to excel in different spheres of life. Can social motives be measured ? (2009, Q5)
• In which category you can place achievement motivation and why ? How McClelland did view it? (2015, Q11)

Theories of Motivation

• Discuss Maslow and Mcclelland’s theory of Motivation. (2022, Q5)
• Give a comparative account of Maslow’s and McClelland’s theories of motivation. (2018, Q7)
• Evaluate Maslow’s theory of motivation. (2017, Q7)
• Explain the concept of Motivation. Critically discuss Maslow’s Need Hierarchy theory. (2014, Q3)
• Define motivation. Critically discuss Maslow’s theory of motivation with special emphasis on ‘need for self actualization’. (2012, Q5)
• Discuss the Need-Hierarchy Theory of motivation. Indicate the utility of this theory in understanding human behaviour. (2008, Q10)
• Critically write following theories of motivation: (a) Maslow (b) McClelland (2023, Q7)

Emotion and its Theories

• What is an emotion? Delineate the conditions responsible emotional developments in human beings. By what age an develops almost all the basic emotions (2015, Q5)
• Discuss the physiological basis of emotion. (2016, Q4)
• State the relationship between brain and emotion with special Reference to role of cerebral cortex. (2015, Q12)
• Critically evaluate James-Lang and Cannon-Bard theory of emotion (2017, Q3)
• Discuss the differences among the James Lange, Canon Bard and Schachter-Singer theories in terms of their different understanding of relationship between felt emotions and bodily responses. Give suitable examples to illustrate. (2013, Q9)
• How does Schachter-Singer’s theory differ from Cannon-Bard’s theory of emotion. (2016, Q4)
• Write the basic difference between James-Lang and Cannon-Bard theory of emotion. (2023, Q5a)
• Discuss in detail about the two factors of emotion. Describe the experiment that validated this theory. How is it different from earlier theories of emotion? (2020, Q4)
• Critically discuss Schachter-Singer theory of emotion. (2023, Q5b; 2015, Q12)
• What do you understand by the cognitive theories of emotion? Discuss critically in this context, the Schachter-Singer Theory of emotion. (2019, Q6a)

8. Developmental Psychology

Cognitive Development

• Discuss in detail Piaget’s theory of Cognitive Development. (2022, Q6)
• Discuss Piaget’s theory of cognitive development from infancy to adolescence. (2012, Q9)
• How do assimilation and accommodation interplay in the development of cognition? Discuss the different stages of cognitive development in accordance with Piaget ? (2016, Q9)
• What do you understand by the terms accomodation and assimilation ? In this connection, discuss the … of cognitive development after Piaget. (2014, Q9)
• What do you mean by cognitive development of human being? Discuss Information Processing Theory to define cognitive development. (2007, Q1)
• Critically write Piaget’s theory of Cognitive Development. Why is this theory still relevant today? State its applications. (2023, Q4a; 2020, Q7)
• Discuss, with examples and evidences, Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development. (2019, Q3a)
• Short note: ‘Sensory-Motor’ Stage after Piaget. (2007, Q6e)

Moral Development

• Define morality. How does it differ from ethics? Distinguish between “moral”, “immoral” and “unmoral” behaviours. Enumerate in this context, how morality is learned. (2018, Q9)
• Is there any difference between “immoral” and “unmoral” If yes, what is that difference? Is disciplining important for moral development? Justify. Write how morality is learned and explain the relationship between moral development and intellectual development. (2015, Q9)
• Delineate Kohlberg’s stages of moral development with examples for each stage. (2013, Q6)
• Discuss with examples Kohlberg’s stages of moral development (2019, Q8b)
• “Cognitive and moral development run parallel to one another.” Justify with the help of suitable theoretical perspectives. (2021, Q8)

Social, Emotional, and Physical Development

• State how emotions affect children’s personal and social adjustments. Describe briefly different aspects of emotional development of children. (2018, Q6)
• Moral and Social development are actually the depth aspect and surface aspect of Personality development”…Discuss. (2017, Q9)
• Mention the common hazards of Emotional Development. (2014, Q4)
• What do you know about childhood Gangs ? In this connection, elaborate the process of Social development of Childhood. (2014, Q11)
• Discuss the concept of (a) Emotional Development (b) Social Development. Write the contribution of these in child’s wholesome development. (2023, Q8)
• What is social development? Delineate the characteristics of social development from middle childhood upto end of adolescence. Comment on the role of school and peer group… (2019, Q9)

Adolescence and Puberty

• What is a “growth spurt”? By what factors, from birth to adolescence, physical development is governed in humans ? Decipher the impact of visible/prominent aberrations in physique, during the growing age, upon psychological well-being of the child. (2018, Q10)
• What is the meaning of puberty What are the major puberty changes ? Explain the causes of such changes and their consequences. (2015, Q4)
• ‘Adolescence is a period of storm and stress’ Discuss. (2012, Q8)
• Discuss different aspects of social and emotional development in adolescence. How do these changes influence their transition to adulthood? (2020, Q10)
• What do you understand by the terms ‘puberty’ and ‘adolescence’? Discuss in detail the physical and emotional development of the child during these phases of life. Comment on the role of parents… (2019, Q10)

9. Social Psychology

Attitudes

• What is meant by the term “attitude”? How does it differ from “beliefs” and “prejudices” ? How it is developed in humans ? Describe how it can be measured ? (2018, Q8)
• Define “attitude”. How does it differ from prejudice How attitudes are formed Discuss (2015, Q8)
• Write the role of ‘Persuade and Compliance in developing attitude. How ‘cognitive dissonance’ affect attitude. (2011, Q7)
• What are the different components of attitude? How do attitudes differ from prejudice? Can attitudes be changed ? (2009, Q4)
• Define attitude. Explain in detail about any two scales of attitude. (2008, Q5)
• Define attitude. How does attitude formation take place? Can attitude be changed? If yes, elaborate the process with suitable examples. (2021, Q4)
• Short note: Attitude. (2010, Q7d)

Bias, Prejudice, and Discrimination

• Discuss the Role of Prejudice and Stereotypes in Cross-Cultural Interaction. (2022, Q8)
• Differentiate between Stereotype, Prejudice and Discrimination with suitable examples. (2017, Q5)
• Define prejudice. How does it differ from stereotype ? Suggest measures for reducing prejudice. (2013, Q7)
• Discuss the three forms of social bias viz. prejudice, stereotypes and discrimination. Delineate the basic processes underlying such biases. State the different ways of reducing prejudice. (2020, Q8)
• Distinguish between stereotype and prejudice. Show your acquaintance with any one measure of prejudice. Discuss… some social psychological techniques of reducing prejudice (2019, Q7)
• Short note: Prejudice and discrimination (2023, Q9b)
• Short note: Prejudice. (2008, Q7d)

Social Cognition, Communication, and Application

• Discuss the causal attribution of social cognition. (2007, Q8)
• Write the role of communication in social learning. Discuss the verbal and non-verbal aspect of communication. (2011, Q4)
• As a psychologist, mention how can the social taboo of casteism and untouchability be curbed. (2021, Q9)
• Short note: Communication aspect of non-verbal behaviour. (2008, Q7b)

10. Individual Differences, Interests, and Values

Interests and Aptitude

• ‘Is exploring students’ career interests still a necessity?’. What is your opinion? (2022, Q9)
• Define interest. How can it be measured? Mention the relationship between interest, aptitude and intelligence. (2016, Q7)
• What is interest? How is it measured? Discuss any one standardized test for measuring interest in vocational field. (2013, Q5)
• What is meant by interest? Differentiate it from achievement. How can interest be measured? (2021, Q7; 2020, Q9)
• Why is interest important in the field of psychology? (2020, Q9)

Values and Integration

• ‘Human value is a global challenge’- Narrate. (2022, Q10)
• Discuss the concept of value with special focus on its development and measurement. Mention the significance of value development in the context of modernization. (2016, Q8)
• “Career success is an integrated function of ability, interest and value” Justify (2019, Q8a)
• Critically discuss the modern views on nature-nurture controversy in individual difference. (2007, Q9)
• Short note: Concept of value development (2023, Q9c)

11. Personality (Older Syllabus/Questions)

Theories and Approaches

• Discuss ‘Psychodynamic Theories of personality. (2011, Q5)
• Discuss Carl Jung’s theory of personality. Give your critical comments on Jung’s two types of personality. (2010, Q10)
• Which perspective is known as the “Third Force in psychology” In this connection, elucidate the concept of a ‘fully functioning person’ as conceived by Carl Rogers. (2009, Q7)
• What do you mean by the term Personality? Explain personality from the Freudian viewpoint. (2008, Q4)
• Distinguish between trait approach and psychoanalytic approach of personality. (2007, Q7)