Late Harappan<\/strong>: 1900\u20131300 BCE \u2192 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u0993 \u09aa\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a7\u09be\u09aa\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\nTrick:<\/strong> Pre-2600 \u2192 Mature-2600\u20131900 \u2192 Late-1900+<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n<\/span>Geographical Extent (Very Important)<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n\n\n\n\n- \u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u09b8\u09be\u0987\u099f \u2248 1400<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
- \u0986\u09af\u09bc\u09a4\u09a8 \u2248 12.5 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7 sq. km<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n
- East\u2013West \u2248 1600 km | North\u2013South \u2248 1400 km<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Only 40<\/strong> settlement Indus \u09a8\u09a6\u09c0\u09b0 \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u09af\u09bc, 80% Saraswati basin<\/strong>-\u098f\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Extremes:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n- North:<\/strong> Manda (J&K)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- South:<\/strong> Daimabad (Maharashtra)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- East:<\/strong> Alamgirpur (UP)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- West:<\/strong> Sutkagendor (Baluchistan)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Remember trick:<\/strong> M\u2013D\u2013A\u2013S \u2192 Manda\u2013Daimabad\u2013Alamgirpur\u2013Sutkagendor<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n<\/span>Important Sites (India)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nKalibangan (Rajasthan)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- Earliest ploughed field<\/strong>, irrigation\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- No drainage system (exception)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Fire altars; earthquake evidence\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Decorative bricks only here\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Pre + Mature \u09a6\u09c1\u0987 \u09a7\u09be\u09aa\u0987\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Lothal (Gujarat)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- World\u2019s earliest dockyard<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Rice remains<\/strong>, double burial<\/strong>, Mesopotamian seal\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Bead factory; terracotta ship model\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Lower town walled\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Dholavira (Kutch)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- 5th largest; only 3-part town<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Water reservoir<\/strong>, dams, sandstone use\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Sign-board script<\/strong> (large letters)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Rock-cut architecture; stadium\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Surkotada (Gujarat)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- Horse bones<\/strong> \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0997\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Stone-covered grave\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Rangpur (Gujarat)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- Rice evidence; pre & mature phase\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Yellow\u2013grey pottery\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Ropar (Punjab)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- Dog buried with humans\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Stone\u2013soil houses\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Banawali (Haryana)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- Radial streets (unique)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Barley cultivation; all three phases\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Rakhigarhi (Haryana)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- Largest IVC site<\/strong> (350 ha)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Dancing-girl\u2013type female figure\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- All three phases present\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Balu (Haryana)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- Earliest garlic; rice remains\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Daimabad (Maharashtra)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- Southernmost\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Bronze chariot, buffalo\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Late Harappan\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Manda (J&K)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- Northernmost\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Wood procurement centre\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Alamgirpur (UP)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- Easternmost\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Cloth impression on trough\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n<\/span>Important Sites (Pakistan)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nHarappa (Punjab)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- First excavated (Dayaram Sahni)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Two rows of granaries; coffin burial\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Trade with Mesopotamia\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Mohenjodaro (Sindh)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- 2nd largest\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Great Bath, Great Granary\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Priest King, Dancing Girl\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Assembly hall, College of Priests\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Flood\/invasion theory evidence; woven cotton\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Chanhudaro (Sindh)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- No citadel (unique)\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Bead\u2013bangle factory; inkpot; lipstick use\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Jhangar\u2013Jhukar cultures\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Kot-Diji<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- Pre-Harappan; mud-brick houses\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Destroyed by force\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Amri<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- Transitional phase; fire altars\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Rhinoceros remains\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Sutkagendor<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- Westernmost; old port\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Trade with Babylon\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Balakot<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- Earliest furnace; seaport\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n<\/span>Sites in Afghanistan<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\nShortugai (Takhar)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- IVC trading colony\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Lapis lazuli mines<\/strong>, camel trade\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Ploughed field; canal irrigation\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n<\/span>Town Planning (IVC\u2019s Signature)<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n- Highly urban & scientific layout\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- City = Citadel (west, raised)<\/strong> + Lower town<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Chessboard\/grid pattern; roads at right angles\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Main road 10 m wide; lamp posts present\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Standard brick ratio 1:2:4<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Covered drains; soak pits; gypsum-lime plaster\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- 2\u20133 storeyed houses; central courtyard\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Houses faced inwards, not to street\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Private wells, tiled bathrooms\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Remember:<\/strong> Brick, Drain, Grid \u2192 hallmark of Harappa<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n<\/span>Society<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n- Mostly urban middle class<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Three groups: rulers \u2013 rich merchants \u2013 labourers\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Famous for: potter\u2019s wheel<\/strong>, terracotta, beads, jewellery\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Red\u2013black painted pottery\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Allahdino \u2013 gold & silver ornaments\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- More female figurines than male\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n<\/span>Economy & Trade<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n\n- External trade with Mesopotamia, Persia<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Mesopotamia called India = Meluhha<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Trade intermediaries: Dilmun (Bahrain), Makan (Oman), Meluhha<\/strong>\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Seals = steatite; square; ownership mark\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Bullock carts; dockyard at Lothal\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Weights = cubical; binary + decimal<\/strong> system\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n
- Measures of length = foot & cubit\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Imports<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- Gold (Afghanistan\/Iran\/Kolar), tin, jade, steatite, bitumen, lead\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
Exports<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n\n- Cotton, grains, beads, pottery, ivory, copper\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n<\/span>